SR9009 comes up often in conversation and rarely with the context attached. Here we lay out the basics in order, then work through the practical considerations.
Last reviewed on 2026-07-13. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
SR9009 is frequently discussed in fitness and research-chemical contexts, yet it has no approved medical indication. Regulatory agencies have not authorized it for human use, and it is not a standard prescription drug. Some sports organizations list it as a prohibited substance because of its potential performance-enhancing properties. Published human data are sparse, so claims about its effects in people often rely on animal models or anecdotal reports. Quality and identity of online materials can vary widely.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as a REV-ERB agonist. REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ are nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. The compound was identified in academic screening efforts to find synthetic ligands for these receptors. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, and it can shift circadian behavior. It is not an approved therapeutic agent.
Regulatory agencies have not approved SR9009 for human therapeutic use. It is typically sold as a research chemical with labels stating that it is not for human consumption. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits the substance in sport, generally under the category of non-approved substances. Customs and national laws may restrict importation, sale, or possession. Product quality and legal status can vary by country and vendor, and therapeutic claims are not permitted in regulated advertising because the compound lacks approval.
Several misconceptions surround SR9009. It is often described as a SARM, a steroid, or an exercise pill, but its known target is the REV-ERB receptor family. Rodent studies have examined exercise capacity and metabolic markers, yet human outcomes remain unproven. Oral bioavailability appears low in animals, and human pharmacokinetics are not well characterized. Online products may contain impurities or different compounds, so identity and purity testing are important for research use.
Analytical chemists detect SR9009 with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, commonly abbreviated LC-MS/MS. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction before analysis. Laboratories can target the parent compound or its metabolites, depending on the matrix and the purpose of testing. Anti-doping methods require sensitive and specific assays because concentrations in biological samples can be low. Reference standards and validated methods are essential for reliable identification and quantification.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Small-molecule ligand; not a hormone or peptide |
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the free base |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Unique chemical identifier |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; stenabolic | Stenabolic is informal and not an official name |
| Reported targets | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors linked to circadian and metabolic regulation |
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies of circadian biology and metabolic disease. Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise capacity, muscle metabolism, and blood lipid levels in rodents, but these findings come from controlled laboratory settings. The compound has low oral bioavailability in animals, which limits systemic exposure after swallowing. Investigators often use injected routes in experiments to achieve measurable plasma concentrations. Human clinical data are sparse, no approved therapeutic product exists, and whether animal effects translate to humans remains an open question.
Stability depends on physical form, temperature, light exposure, and solvent. Solid SR9009 is generally stored cold and dry, with protection from light to limit degradation. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks are common for laboratory work, but repeated freeze-thaw cycles can reduce compound integrity. Aqueous solutions may be less stable than organic stocks, and the ethyl ester in the structure can be susceptible to hydrolysis under certain conditions. Researchers typically validate storage conditions and recheck purity before quantitative experiments, especially when using archived material.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and region. It is not approved as a pharmaceutical, and several jurisdictions restrict its sale for human consumption. Some authorities classify it as a research chemical, a prescription-only substance, or a prohibited performance-enhancing agent in sport. Purchasers may encounter certificates of analysis, but these documents do not guarantee identity, purity, or legality. In research settings, institutional safety reviews and controlled procurement help ensure that materials are handled under appropriate oversight. The absence of harmonized rules means that legal status can change and requires verification.
Analytical identification of SR9009 typically relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In biological samples, researchers first separate the compound from matrix components using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural confirmation of reference materials. Because SR9009 is a small, relatively lipophilic molecule, reverse-phase columns and acidic mobile phases are common. Laboratories often include isotope-labeled internal standards to improve quantification and to correct for ion suppression.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of REV-ERB nuclear receptors. REV-ERB alpha and REV-ERB beta help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory research, SR9009 has been used to probe how these receptors affect skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The compound was identified in academic drug-discovery work and is often described in scientific literature by its chemical name and research code. It is not an approved medicine, and human clinical data remain limited or absent.
SR9009 binds REV-ERB receptors and alters their repressive activity on target genes. This action can change transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. In rodent studies, treated animals have shown changes in muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance, though effects vary by dose, duration, and model. The precise molecular steps connecting receptor binding to whole-body outcomes are still an active area of investigation. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Because REV-ERB receptors are core clock components, SR9009 has been examined for effects on daily rhythms as well as metabolism. Research has explored whether the compound can shift or reinforce circadian gene expression in tissues such as liver and muscle. Some studies report improved metabolic markers in obese or diabetic mice, while others show context-dependent responses. Questions remain about which effects are direct, which are secondary to timing, and how they might differ across species.
=== May === May 1 Iran war: President Donald Trump notifies lawmakers in Congress that the Iran war has been "terminated" ahead of a 60-day deadline under the War Powers Resolution which military operations must halt unless lawmakers authorize military force. 2026 May Day protests: May Day protests are held across the U.S., including an economic blackout as part of 3,500 "May Day Strong" events across the country. Additionally, demonstrations are held outside institutions such as the New York Stock Exchange. British singer Zayn Malik cancels all U.S. concert events for his upcoming Konnakol tour after being hospitalized for an unknown illness. May 2 2026 Kentucky Derby: In horse racing, American racehorse Golden Tempo wins the 152nd Kentucky Derby after entering the race with a 24–1 odds, making Cherie DeVaux the first female trainer to win the derby. Spirit Airlines announces it has gone out of business after 34 years. May 3 – Iran war: President Trump announces Operation Project Freedom in an effort to secure commercial traffic across the Strait of Hormuz. May 4 Iran war: The U.S. Central Command confirms the launch of Operation Project Freedom in an effort to secure commercial traffic across the Strait of Hormuz. Danish shipping company Maersk reports that the Alliance Fairfax, a US-flagged vehicle carrier operated by subsidiary Farrell Lines, has successfully crossed the Strait of Hormuz accompanied by U.S. military assets as part of Project Freedom. Iran is reported to have fired missiles and drones at military and commercial ships.
== Safety == Although argon is non-toxic, it is 38% more dense than air and therefore considered a dangerous asphyxiant in closed areas. It is difficult to detect because it is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. A 1994 incident, in which a man was asphyxiated after entering an argon-filled section of oil pipe under construction in Alaska, highlights the dangers of argon tank leakage in confined spaces and emphasizes the need for proper use, storage and handling.
AMPK activation is required for an increase in the expression of small heterodimer partner, which in turn inhibited the expression of the hepatic gluconeogenic genes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose 6-phosphatase. Metformin is frequently used in research along with AICA ribonucleotide as an AMPK agonist. The mechanism by which biguanides increase the activity of AMPK remains uncertain: metformin increases the concentration of cytosolic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) (as opposed to a change in total AMP or total AMP/adenosine triphosphate) which could activate AMPK allosterically at high levels; a newer theory involves binding to PEN-2. Metformin inhibits cyclic AMP production, blocking the action of glucagon, and thereby reducing fasting glucose levels. Metformin also induces a profound shift in the faecal microbial community profile in diabetic mice, and this may contribute to its mode of action possibly through an effect on glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. In addition to suppressing hepatic glucose production, metformin increases insulin sensitivity, enhances peripheral glucose uptake (by inducing the phosphorylation of GLUT4 enhancer factor), decreases insulin-induced suppression of fatty acid oxidation, and decreases the absorption of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract. Increased peripheral use of glucose may be due to improved insulin binding to insulin receptors. The increase in insulin binding after metformin treatment has also been demonstrated in patients with type 2 diabetes.
== Medical use == Aminocaproic acid (Amicar) is FDA-approved for use in the treatment of acute bleeding due to elevated fibrinolytic activity. It also carries an orphan drug designation from the FDA for the prevention of recurrent hemorrhage in patients with traumatic hyphema. In clinical practice, aminocaproic acid is frequently used off-label for control of bleeding in patients with severe thrombocytopenia, control of oral bleeding in patients with congenital and acquired coagulation disorders, control of perioperative bleeding associated with cardiac surgery, prevention of excessive bleeding in patients on anticoagulation therapy undergoing invasive dental procedures, and reduction of the risk of catastrophic hemorrhage in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Depictions of dwarfism are also found in European paintings and many illustrations. Many European paintings (especially Spanish) of the 16th–19th centuries depict dwarfs by themselves or with others. In the Talmud, it is said that the second born son of the Egyptian Pharaoh of the Bible was a dwarf. Recent scholarship has suggested that ancient Egyptians held dwarfs in high esteem. Several important mythological figures of the North American Wyandot nation are portrayed as dwarfs. As popular media has become more widespread, the number of works depicting dwarfs have increased dramatically. Dwarfism is depicted in many books, films, and television series such as Willow, The Wild Wild West, The Man with the Golden Gun (and later parodied in Austin Powers), Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift, The Wizard of Oz, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, Bad Santa, A Son of the Circus, Little People, Big World, The Little Couple, A Song of Ice and Fire (and its television adaptation Game of Thrones), Seinfeld, The Orator, In Bruges, The Tin Drum by Günter Grass, the short-lived reality show The Littlest Groom, and the films The Station Agent and Zero. The Animal Planet television series Pit Boss features dwarf actor Shorty Rossi and his talent agency, "Shortywood Productions", which Rossi uses to provide funding for his pit bull rescue operation, "Shorty's Rescue". Rossi's three full-time employees, featured in the series, are little people and aspiring actors.
== Selected publications == Yang, Yee Hwa; Speed, Terry (2002), "Design issues for cDNA microarray experiments", Nature Reviews Genetics, 3 (8): 579–588, doi:10.1038/nrg863, PMID 12154381, S2CID 260480 Dudoit, Sandrine; Yang, Yee Hwa; Callow, Matthew J.; Speed, Terence P. (2002), "Statistical methods for identifying differentially expressed genes in replicated cDNA microarray experiments", Statistica Sinica, 12 (1): 111–139, JSTOR 24307038, MR 1894191 Yang, Yee Hwa; Dudoit, Sandrine; Luu, Percy; Lin, David M.; Peng, Vivian; Ngai, John; Speed, Terence P. (2002), "Normalization for cDNA microarray data: a robust composite method addressing single and multiple slide systematic variation", Nucleic Acids Research, 30 (4): e15, doi:10.1093/nar/30.4.e15, PMC 100354, PMID 11842121 Gentleman, Robert C.; Carey, Vincent J.; Bates, Douglas M.; Bolstad, Ben; Dettling, Marcel; Dudoit, Sandrine; Ellis, Byron; Gautier, Laurent; Ge, Yongchao; Gentry, Jeff; Hornik, Kurt; Hothorn, Torsten; Huber, Wolfgang; Iacus, Stefano; Irizarry, Rafael; Leisch, Friedrich; Li, Cheng; Maechler, Martin; Rossini, Anthony J.; Sawitzki, Gunther; Smith, Colin; Smyth, Gordon; Tierney, Luke; Yang, Jean Y. H.; Zhang, Jianhua (2004), "Bioconductor: open software development for computational biology and bioinformatics", Genome Biology, 5 (10): R80, doi:10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r80, PMC 545600, PMID 15461798
In May 2006, Valve announced a trilogy of episodic games that would continue the Half-Life 2 story, with the final episode planned for release by Christmas 2007. Valve's president, Gabe Newell, said the approach would allow Valve to release products more quickly after the six-year Half-Life 2 development, and that he considered the trilogy the equivalent of Half-Life 3. According to Newell, where Half-Life saw the G-Man transform Freeman into his tool, and Half-Life 2 saw Freeman being used by G-Man, the episodes would see G-Man lose control. Episode One was released on June 1, 2006. The player controls Freeman as he and Alyx escape City 17 before a dark energy reactor core destroys it. It introduced several graphical effects, including new lighting features and more advanced facial animation. The story focuses on Alyx. Episode One received a generally positive critical reaction, although the short length was a common point of criticism.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic compound investigated as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in preclinical research on circadian rhythm and metabolism. It is not an approved drug.
No. It has no approved medical indication, and human safety and efficacy data are limited. It appears in research chemical markets and is banned by some sports authorities.
Natural ligands include heme and certain metabolites; SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule with higher potency and selectivity in some assays. Its effects depend on cell type and timing. It is not a naturally occurring compound.
Legality depends on the country and the intended use. In many places it is not approved as a medicine and may be sold only as a research chemical. Importation or possession can be restricted, and sports organizations prohibit it.