A practical reference on REV-ERB: what it is, how it behaves, what the literature reports, and where the honest uncertainties sit.
This page was last updated on 2026-03-12 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies of circadian biology and metabolic disease. Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise capacity, muscle metabolism, and blood lipid levels in rodents, but these findings come from controlled laboratory settings. The compound has low oral bioavailability in animals, which limits systemic exposure after swallowing. Investigators often use injected routes in experiments to achieve measurable plasma concentrations. Human clinical data are sparse, no approved therapeutic product exists, and whether animal effects translate to humans remains an open question.
Storage conditions for research-grade SR9009 generally involve a freezer at approximately minus twenty degrees Celsius, sometimes lower for long-term preservation. Containers should remain tightly closed and protected from light. Desiccants may be used to limit moisture uptake. Solutions are often stored in aliquots to avoid repeated warming and cooling. Stability data for the compound under various conditions are limited, so laboratories typically follow supplier recommendations and verify performance through periodic analytical checks rather than assuming indefinite stability.
Identity and purity testing for SR9009 commonly uses liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method separates the compound from matrix components and detects it by mass-to-charge transitions, providing sensitive and specific confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural identification, while high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection may estimate purity. Because online products labeled as SR9009 may contain other substances or no active compound at all, independent verification is important in research settings. Certificates of analysis are useful but not a substitute for in-house testing.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically supplied as a white to off-white powder. The compound dissolves readily in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, while its solubility in water is low. Because of this solubility profile, researchers often prepare concentrated stock solutions in an organic solvent before diluting them into aqueous assay buffers. Light exposure, moisture, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade many small molecules, so handling procedures usually aim to minimize these factors. Purity is commonly checked before use.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ in preclinical models |
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the parent compound |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Common identifier in chemical databases |
| Appearance | Off-white to pale yellow solid | Typical research chemical solid |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low in water | Class: small organic molecule |
SR9009 is not approved as a medicine by major regulatory agencies. It is commonly sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside customary drug approval and quality rules. In sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance. Athletes who use it can face sanctions if it is detected in a sample. Legal status varies by country, and importation may be restricted. Enforcement practices differ across borders.
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually employs liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method can identify the parent compound and sometimes metabolites in urine or blood. Because exposure can be low and clearance may be rapid, sample timing and limits of detection matter. Laboratories validate assays for sensitivity and specificity. Results are interpreted alongside chain-of-custody and quality-control records. Urine is the common matrix for anti-doping analysis, while blood may be used in research settings.
REV-ERB proteins typically suppress gene expression by recruiting corepressor complexes to DNA response elements. SR9009 binds these receptors and strengthens that repressive action in cell-based assays. Studies in rodents have reported changes in lipid handling, mitochondrial function, and exercise capacity after treatment. Such findings are often cited as evidence for metabolic effects, but species differences and limited pharmacokinetic data make direct translation to humans uncertain. Researchers continue to examine which effects are robust and which depend on specific experimental conditions.
SR9009 is frequently discussed alongside other REV-ERB ligands, including synthetic agonists and natural heme-related molecules. Its selectivity for REV-ERB over related nuclear receptors has been measured in binding and reporter assays, though off-target activity at higher concentrations is possible. The compound is prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and it is not approved for any medical use in major jurisdictions. Products sold online may be labeled as research chemicals, and their identity and purity are not guaranteed by regulatory review.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule that acts on the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors are part of the circadian clock machinery and normally repress transcription of certain target genes. In laboratory research, SR9009 is used as a chemical tool to study how REV-ERB activity influences metabolism, inflammation, and daily biological rhythms. The compound is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized. It is often described as an investigational agent rather than a therapeutic product.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically handled as research chemicals rather than pharmaceuticals. Suppliers usually state that the material is for research use only and not for human or veterinary administration. Storage recommendations generally call for a freezer at approximately −20 °C, protection from light, and a desiccated environment. The solid is often described as a white to off-white powder. Solubility is commonly reported in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, with low solubility in water.
Analytical identification and purity assessment often use high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry is used to detect and quantify SR9009 in biological matrices, including urine and blood, for anti-doping or pharmacokinetic studies. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure. Stability depends on form and storage: the solid is generally more stable than solutions, and repeated freeze–thaw cycles may degrade samples. Purity is typically reported as a percentage from a certificate of analysis.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and context. It is not approved as a therapeutic drug by agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. Sports authorities list it as a prohibited substance; the World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it among hormone and metabolic modulators. Legal status for personal possession or sale differs across jurisdictions, and some countries may restrict it under analog or research chemical laws. Buyers who seek verified material often rely on independent laboratory testing because online product labels may not match contents.
== Career and research == Williams then spent another period back at Merton, having won a junior research fellowship, Then, “out of the blue, in 1954, Cyril Hinshelwood, then Oxford Professor of Chemistry, asked to see Bob.” He was told that three colleges—Christ Church, Pembroke and Wadham—needed a tutor in chemistry. “Each one will invite you to dine. Come back again in two weeks to give me your decision.” Williams joined Wadham College, Oxford in 1955 and remained there for the rest of his life. His doctoral students include Peter Day, Carole Perry and Michael Thor Pope. William's work in pure inorganic chemistry led to a two-volume textbook of inorganic chemistry, written with Courtenay Phillips, He became increasingly interested in enzyme catalysis, and in particular the role of metal ions, as for example the role of copper in proteins. He and Bert Vallee proposed of the concept of the entatic state whereby atoms and groups in enzyme active sites are maintained by binding to the apoenzyme in positions and states appropriate to catalyse reactions. In the first paper ever published in the Journal of Theoretical Biology Williams argued that spatial separation of the H+ and OH– ions produced in the conversion of ATP to ADP would be necessary for the catalysis. In the same year Peter Mitchell proposed a similar idea in the form of the chemiosmotic hypothesis. In a special issue of the Journal of Theoretical Biology in celebration of 50 years of its existence Williams described the correspondence between Mitchell and himself.
The insulin/IGF/relaxin family is a group of evolutionarily related proteins which possess a variety of hormonal activities. In humans, these proteins are divided into two subsets: 1) insulin and insulin-like growth factors 2) relaxin family peptides:
==== In Greater Russia ==== At the outbreak of the disorder on 8 March 1917 that led to the overthrow of the tsarist regime, approximately 3,200 Cossacks from the Don, Kuban, and Terek Hosts were stationed in Petrograd. Although they comprised only a fraction of the 300,000 troops in the proximity of the Russian capital, their general defection on the second day of unrest (10 March) enthused raucous crowds and stunned the authorities and remaining loyal units. In the aftermath of the February Revolution, the Cossacks hosts were authorized by the War Ministry of the Russian Provisional Government to overhaul their administrations. Cossack assemblies (known as krugs or, in the case of the Kuban Cossacks, a rada) were organized at regional level to elect atamans and pass resolutions. At national level, an all-Cossack congress was convened in Petrograd. This congress formed the Union of Cossack Hosts, ostensibly to represent the interests of Cossacks across Russia. During the course of 1917, the nascent Cossack governments formed by the krugs and atamans increasingly challenged the Provisional Government's authority in the borderlands. The various Cossack governments themselves faced rivals, in the form of national councils organized by neighboring minorities, and of soviets and zemstvos formed by non-Cossack Russians, especially the so-called "outlanders" who had immigrated to Cossack lands.
4-maleylacetoacetate is converted to 4-fumarylacetoacetate, this compound can be broken down into fumarate and acetoacetate by the enzyme fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase. The conversion of 4-maleylacetoacetate to fumarylacetoacetate is a step in the catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine, amino acids acquired through dietary protein consumption. When 4-maleylacetoacetate isomerase is unable to function properly, the 4-maleylacetoacetate may be converted instead to succinylacetoacetate and further broken down into succinate and acetoacetate by fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Synthesis of antamanide == The first synthesis of this natural product was in 1969. Since then many different types of synthetic routes have been used to make the compound. One common method for the synthesis of the linear form of antamanide is the excluded protecting group (EPG) method. In this process, each of the peptides in the cycle are connected to one another one at a time by coupling reactions. In this case, first a valine residue is protected by the Fmoc protecting group to protect the amine group in the amino acid. The peptide is then coupled to an OICh (cholestene) group. OICh is a protecting group used to protect the carboxyl group in the amino acid. Next, the Fmoc group is removed to make an amine by using diethyl amine (Et2N). The next amino acid in the peptide chain is then added to the amine in the same type of coupling reaction, and the process is repeated until the chain form of the cycle is complete. The OICh group is removed by using powdered zinc with acetic acid.
== Contraindications == SNRIs are contraindicated in patients taking MAOIs within the last two weeks due to the increased risk of serotonin syndrome, which can be life-threatening. Other drugs and substances that should be avoided due to increased risk of serotonin syndrome when combined with an SNRI include: other anti-depressants, anti-convulsants, analgesics, antiemetic agents, anti-migraine medications, methylene blue, linezolid, Lithium, St. John's wort, ecstasy, and LSD. Signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome include hyperthermia, rigidity, myoclonus, autonomic instability with fluctuating vital signs, and mental status changes that include extreme agitation progressing to delirium and coma. Due to the effects of increased norepinephrine levels and, therefore, higher noradrenergic activity, pre-existing hypertension should be controlled before treatment with SNRIs and blood pressure periodically monitored throughout treatment. Duloxetine has also been associated with cases of liver failure and should not be prescribed to patients with chronic alcohol use or liver disease. Studies have found that duloxetine can increase liver function tests three times above their upper normal limit. Patients with coronary artery disease should be cautious with the use of SNRIs. Furthermore, due to the actions of some SNRIs on obesity, patients with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia should not be prescribed SNRIs.
In May 1961, messenger RNA was experimentally characterized in two back-to-back Nature papers: one by Brenner, Jacob, and Meselson, and one by Gros and colleagues (including Watson). While analyzing the data in preparation for publication, Jacob and Jacques Monod coined the term "messenger RNA".
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans are not well characterized.
No. It is a synthetic ligand that binds nuclear receptors, not a steroid or peptide hormone. Its activity depends on receptor binding rather than endocrine secretion.
Clinical evidence is limited. Most published data come from cell and animal experiments. Human safety and efficacy remain uncertain.
Research-grade SR9009 is typically stored frozen at about minus twenty degrees Celsius, protected from light and moisture. Stock solutions are often kept in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Specific storage conditions should follow the supplier's documentation.